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Its all Tribal
Enthusiasm for tribal art does not necessarily entail
travel to the places where it is or once was made and used, but many
people-be they scholars, collectors, dealers, or simply curious-find that
such travel greatly enhances their understanding. Indeed, sometimes
curiosity about a place engenders a passion for its art. To some, art is the
clue to the people; to others, the people are the clue to the art. In either
case, the growing interest in what what can be called "ethno-tourism"
deserves attention in journals such as this one. A member of our staff who
recently returned from a relatively remote destination wished to share some
thoughts on the subject.
Travel within the actual world of tribal arts, unlike reading this magazine,
entails being seen as well as seeing. We travel to observe, and yet our
presence and our actions are closely watched. We are not quite Martians, but
we are visitors from a strange and different world. Our behavior can
communicate ideas as clearly as our words can.
A primary reason for being in Mali, or Madagascar, or the Marquesas, is that
we are trying to reach beyond our own culture, to absorb the sights and
sounds of a place we met first through its art. If dances are performed for
us on demand, for payment, we may worry about a lack of "authenticity."
However, we are seeing masks and musical instruments in use, which we would
not see otherwise. We are also telling our hosts that they have something
that outsiders value. This is a transaction, and we negotiate a compromise.
They perform at our convenience, and allow us to take photographs. This is
not fake; it is a deliberate simulation known as such to all parties.
The one thing most visitors to these "developing" or "emerging" nations have
more of than do the local inhabitants is money. And by definition-or we
would not be there-they have something we want. In some cases that something
may be a material object, and of course money will change hands. But
sometimes what we want to take away with us is not a carving but simply a
photograph, even one as innocuous as an image of something that provides
context or documentation for a material object.
In the Mahafaly region of southern Madagascar, for example, enormous
ancestral tombs have been built at enormous expense. Most of a family's
wealth is spent to erect these tombs. Here, the hereafter is where it's at.
Not many travelers brave the rigors of travel in that area, but those who do
have come to see these tombs. Postcards sold in the local airport proclaim
Madagascar, pays de lards de la sepulture (region of the art of the tomb).
So why shouldn't the family be paid for allowing photographs of their tombs?
We are on their land, photographing their property. Sometimes the only
payment desired is a copy of the photograph, which can be a rare treasure
among people without Kodaks.
By offering compensation for dances, for other activities performed on
demand, for taking photographs of things that might not otherwise be
accessible to us, we are saying "You have something we value." It has been
relatively easy to justify the conservation of natural resources, the flora
and fauna, of places like Madagascar. But it is also essential to conserve
the human resources; not only physical survival, but also cultural survival,
in this rapidly changing world.
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